Zoorkhaneh and Legacy of Pahlavani: A symbol of civilization, history and rich culture of Iran

Abstract

Pahlavani and Zoorkhaneh rituals, also known as ancient sport, represent a traditional athletic system and martial art rooted in Iran’s history, where the superiority of morality and spirituality is emphasized above all else. This sport was designed to train warriors and instill a sense of national pride among men, practiced in a structure called Zoorkhaneh, meaning “house of strength.” Zoorkhanehs feature unique architecture, including a sunken pit at the center, along with areas for spectators, musicians, and athletes. The Pahlevan Mahmoud, known in Iran as Pouryā-ye Vali (died 1322 CE), is one of the most famous and popular Pahlevan in the history of Iran, who is also referred to as the founder of this sport. The ancient sport combines martial arts, strength training, and music, incorporating traditional gymnastic movements and local wrestling known as Koshti Pahlavani. Influenced by pre-Islamic and post-Islamic cultures in Iran, particularly Zoroastrianism and Sufism, the sport gained popularity during the 19th century under the Qajar king Naser al-Din Shah, with competitions held in the royal court. Zoorkhaneh rituals include weight training and calisthenics using tools such as wooden clubs (mil) and shields (sang). The ethical principles of Pahlavani emphasize honesty, kindness, and humility. To attain the rank of Pahlevan (hero), individuals must master physical skills while adhering to religious and moral principles. The International Zoorkhaneh Sport Federation (IZSF) was established in 2004 to promote Pahlavani globally and organize international competitions.  The file of the global registration of Pahlavani and Zoorkhaneh rituals was prepared by the efforts of the Federation of Pahlavani and Zoorkhaneh Sports of Iran in cooperation with the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization. Finally, in 2010, it was included in the list of UNESCO's spiritual heritage by Iran as a human heritage and a part of Iran's history. Today, the ancient sport of Zoorkhaneh is experiencing a revival in neighboring countries, including Iraq and Afghanistan.